Völkerpsychologie as a field science: José Miguel de Barandiarán and Basque ethnology.

José Miguel de Barandiarán considered the central figure of Basque anthropology, played a prominent role in the Basque people's cultural rescue (material and spiritual). His dual status as an ethnologist and priest prepared him to study collective mentalities and rural societies. However, the scientific approach of the Völkerpsychologie (roughly translated as ethnic psychology), as proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, greatly influenced him and aroused broad interests of ethnological and sociological-religious concerns. This essay examines the scope and depth of Wundt's influence on Barandiarán, and suggests that, by combining the techniques of folklore with those of ethnography, Barandiarán stamped Basque anthropology with a unique defining quality in Europe.

Life funds, urban development, and the experimental practices of financial sociology.

How did the Norwich Union, a life and general insurance company, come to see itself as a 'local developer with people always at the centre of our planning'? This article explores how a small number of insurance companies, capitalising on their long history of property investment, used their investment funds, or 'life funds', to transform the built environment of UK in the twentieth century. In the postwar period life funds were contracted by local governments to finance, plan and develop solutions to urban issues that paralleled those targeted by post-war welfare reforms. This involved companies in developing expertise, working practices, instruments and collaborative arrangements that are not adequately represented as financial investment. Ventures into development on this scale had also to be ventures in futures planning, calculated bets on how people would - and how they should - live, work and spend. These are enterprises that I characterise as 'experimental practices of financial sociology' as a provocation that acknowledges first, that non-sociologists sometimes devise huge sociological experiments and second, that the separation of economics from sociology, and of finance from society, is a disciplinary move that is far less strictly enacted outside the academy.

Sociology after the postcolonial: Response to Julian Go's 'thinking against empire'.

Julian Go's 'Thinking Against Empire' identifies the corpus of 'anticolonial thought' as being instructive for a wider rethinking of how sociology might rally its key conceptualisations of social relations. He insightfully identifies the marginalisation of such thinking from Sociology as an institutionalised discipline. In our response we take up some of the warnings Go provides in the closing sections of his essay-which concern the expanse of intellectual engagement being currently bracketed under or connected to the 'anti-colonial', not least vis-à-vis the 'decolonising/decolonial' turn-to further unpack how the 'anti-colonial' might be adapted for thinking through contemporary socio-political dynamics. Offering, first, a precis of some particularities of British Sociology vis-a-vis the contributions of anticolonial social theory, this article then expands upon the dilemmas arising when anticolonial theory contemporaneous to the pre-decolonisation era is transposed to contingencies of the present 21st century. Namely, whilst the anticolonial archive has proved invaluable to upending the omissions but also complicities of European social theory canons, allowing for a much more expansive sense of how the modern world and its violences were conjured and how we might accordingly escape its miseries, it is also clear that much of the postcolonial world has undergone sufficient shifts to warrant an adapted sense of how we consider the anti-colonial for our current politics. We suggest that the important deviations which anti-colonial theorisations might heed include the dangers of conflating the anticolonial with an affirmation of Global South, non-white nativist identity; the need to recognise some key conjunctural premises by which the anticolonial is no longer geographically indexed to a straightforward Global North-Global South distinction; and the need to acknowledge that, at its most radical, anticolonial thought is itself still invested in traversing both the dreams but also corruptions of those dreams as intrinsic to modernity.

Thinking against empire: Anticolonial thought as social theory.

Sociology was born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a project in, of, and for empire. This essay excavates a tradition of social thought that grew alongside metropolitan sociology but has been marginalized by it: anticolonial thought. Emerging from anticolonial movements, writers and thinkers, anticolonial thought in 19th and 20th centuries emerged from a variety of thinkers (from indigenous activists in the Americas to educated elites in the American, Francophone and British colonies). I argue that this body of thought offers distinct visions of society, social relations, and social structure, along with generative analytic approaches to the social self, social solidarity and global relations-among other themes. Anticolonial thought offers the basis for an alternative canon and corpus of sociological thinking to which we might turn as we seek to revitalize and decolonize sociology.

'The Machine Takes Our Jobs Away': The problem of technological unemployment in the work of Chicago sociologist William F. Ogburn.

This paper examines the Chicago sociologist William F. Ogburn's (1886-1959) views about technological unemployment, which were intimately connected to his analysis of the social impacts of technological developments and resulting social problems due to cultural lag. We trace the development of his views as seen through his well-known 1922 book, Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature, his important contributions to the President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933), and his lesser-known pamphlets designed for a broader audience-Living with Machines (1933), You and Machines (1934), and Machines and Tomorrow's World (1938). He used these pamphlets to educate the public about the dangers of new machines and technological unemployment. In doing so, he drew upon sociological analysis in his professional scholarly writings and his long-standing personal interests in social betterment and social reform. Our analysis also calls into question the adequacy of existing scholarship on Ogburn that has emphasized his commitment to a statistical, dispassionate, and "objectivist" approach to social science research. We call for a revised, richer, and more complex view of Ogburn's work and legacy as one of the nation's leading social scientists during the first half of the 20th century.

A sociologia latino-americana na Guerra Fria Cultural: Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari e o Ilari / Latin American sociology in the Cultural Cold War: Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari, and ILARI

Resumo O que a colaboração entre Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari e o Instituto Latino-americano de Relações Internacionais, órgão do Congresso pela Liberdade da Cultura, explica sobre as ideias do sociólogo entre 1969 e 1972? A análise de documentos oficiais do instituto e correspondências e textos de Florestan e Solari sugere que esse episódio revela um sociólogo preocupado com a manutenção de espaços científicos num continente marcado pelo autoritarismo, o que permite matizar a periodização entre fases "acadêmico-reformista" e "político-revolucionária". Argumenta-se que, do ponto de vista do instituto, a parceria com Florestan era crucial para produzir legitimidade intelectual para suas ações.

Abstract What does the collaboration between the sociologist Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari, and the Latin American Institute of International Relations (ILARI), an organ of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, tell us about Fernandes's thinking between 1969 and 1972? The analysis of official ILARI documents and correspondence and texts by Fernandes and Solari suggests that this episode reveals Fernandes's concern with defending space for science on a continent marked by authoritarianism, thereby enabling a more nuanced understanding of his trajectory than one marked by two distinct phases, "reformist-academic" and "revolutionary-political." From ILARI's perspective, the partnership with Fernandes is revealed as critical in lending its actions intellectual legitimacy.

[Sociology of transidentities]. / Sociologie des transidentités.

The sociology of transidentities allows us to shift the medical gaze on trans people and identities. Beyond the psychiatric or surgical issues, we are able to analyze the shift in representations and social consideration about transidentities in France, through a social history of transgender health, a sociology of transphobic experiences or the transformations of trans claims. Beyond its historical perspective, this article is based on recent work on the sociology of transidentities in France and presents various data from statistical surveys.

Title: Sociologie des transidentités. Abstract: La sociologie des transidentités permet de déplacer le regard médical sur les parcours et les identités trans. Au-delà des enjeux psychiatriques ou chirurgicaux, il s'agira d'analyser le glissement des représentations et des prises en compte sociales des transidentités en France, à travers une histoire sociale de la santé transgenre, une sociologie des expériences discriminatoires transphobes ou bien encore les transformations majeures des revendications trans actuellement en cours.

Analytic Advances in Social Networks and Health in the Twenty-First Century.

The study of social networks is increasingly central to health research for medical sociologists and scholars in other fields. Here, we review the innovations in theory, substance, data collection, and methodology that have propelled the study of social networks and health from a niche subfield to the center of larger sociological and scientific debates. In particular, we contextualize the broader history of network analysis and its connections to health research, concentrating on work beginning in the late 1990s, much of it in this journal. Using bibliometric and network visualization approaches, we examine the subfield's evolution over this period in terms of topics, trends, key debates, and core insights. We conclude by reflecting on persistent challenges and areas of innovation shaping the study of social networks and health and its intersection with medical sociology in the coming years.

Kiaer and the rebirth of the representative method: A case-study in controversy management at the International Statistical Institute (1895-1903).

Anders N. Kiaer (1838-1919), the director of Norway's Central Bureau of Statistics between 1877 and 1913, was the foremost promoter, at the turn of the 20th century, of the rebirth of what came to be known as the "representative method" or sample survey. His advocacy of a methodology that had been abandoned at the beginning of the 19th century in favor of complete enumeration (the census) provoked a controversy at the International Statistical Institute (ISI) when he first presented it in 1895. Yet, it was "recommended" in fairly short order, by 1903. This was the result of a convergence of factors that prevented the dispute from degenerating into a full-blown conflict and facilitated continuing the discussion while preventing a potential break-up of the association. To understand how this came about, the paper examines (1) the role of the historical background from which the ISI emerged; (2) the epistemic beliefs that informed the ISI members in their daily professional practice; (3) the social structure of the ISI and its "ethos"; (4) the professional standing Kiaer enjoyed within the international statistical community. This is a case-study in the sociology of how and why some scientific practices initially seen as "dangerous" gain acceptance and become part of science's lore.

The Resurgence of Medical Education in Sociology: A Return to Our Roots and an Agenda for the Future.

From 1940 to 1980, studies of medical education were foundational to sociology, but attention shifted away from medical training in the late 1980s. Recently, there has been a marked return to this once pivotal topic, reflecting new questions and stakes. This article traces this resurgence by reviewing recent substantive research trends and setting the agenda for future research. We summarize four current research foci that reflect and critically map onto earlier projects in this subfield while driving theoretical development elsewhere in the larger discipline: (1) professional socialization, (2) knowledge regimes, (3) stratification within the profession, and (4) sociology of the field of medical education. We then offer six potential future directions where more research is needed: (1) inequalities in medical education, (2) socialization across the life course and new institutional forms of gatekeeping, (3) provider well-being, (4) globalization, (5) medical education as knowledge-based work, and (6) effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Is Wilson's religion Durkheim's, or Hobbes's Leviathan?

This paper critically supports the modern evolutionary explanation of religion popularised by David Sloan Wilson, by comparing it with those of his predecessors, namely Emile Durkheim and Thomas Hobbes, and to some biological examples which seem analogous to religions as kinds of superorganisms in their own right. The aim of the paper is to draw out a theoretical pedigree in philosophy and sociology that is reflected down the lines of various other evolutionarily minded contributors on the subject of religion. The general theme is of evolved large-scale cooperative structures. A scholarly concern is as follows: Wilson (Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, And The Nature Of Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2002) draws on Durkheim, (The elementary forms of religious life. Free Press, New york, 1912) using Calvinism as an example without mentioning Hobbes (Leviathan, Edited by E. Curley, Cambridge, Hackett, 1651), but it was Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) who used Calvinism as an example of a leviathanesque religious structure-which is not acknowledged by either Wilson or Durkheim. If there are even any similarities between these authors, there appears to be an omission somewhere which should rightly be accounted for by giving credit to Hobbes where it is due. I issue on conclusion, what it is that makes Wilson's approach radically different to that it skates on. I also issue it with a cautionary word.

Put to the test: For a new sociology of testing.

In an age defined by computational innovation, testing seems to have become ubiquitous, and tests are routinely deployed as a form of governance, a marketing device, an instrument for political intervention, and an everyday practice to evaluate the self. This essay argues that something more radical is happening here than simply attempts to move tests from the laboratory into social settings. The challenge that a new sociology of testing must address is that ubiquitous testing changes the relations between science, engineering, and sociology: Engineering is today in the very stuff of where society happens. It is not that the tests of 21st-century engineering occur within a social context but that it is the very fabric of the social that is being put to the test. To understand how testing and the social relate today, we must investigate how testing operates on social life, through the modification of its settings. One way to clarify the difference is to say that the new forms of testing can be captured neither within the logic of the field test nor of the controlled experiment. Whereas tests once happened inside social environments, today's tests directly and deliberately modify the social environment.

The dialectics of universality: The heterodox critical social theory of Robert Fine.

Robert Fine was among the most original social theorists in Britain of the past 30 years, and the aim of this paper is to offer a first systematic assessment of his intellectual contribution. There are sound intellectual reasons to explore Fine's scholarship. He maintained a problematic relation with mainstream sociology and, against the reduction of sociology to questions of method, culture, or class, he argued that sociologists must continue to ask difficult normative questions as part of the social world they ought to explain. And there are also pressing political concerns that justify a reconsideration of his writings. Global politics is currently marked by a populist wave that decries the very ideas and values that were central to Fine's social theory: the need to uphold the rule of law at home and abroad, the politics of cosmopolitan solidarity, and the significance of antisemitism and its relationships with different forms of authoritarian politics. My main argument is that there is a dialectics of universality that drives forward Fine's intellectual project. By this, I mean that a universalistic idea of humanity-an all-inclusive conception of all human beings-is the most important normative intuition of modern times. This idea of humanity moves forward in history through a dual process of emancipation and domination: successful forms of social, legal, and political inclusion help make visible previous dynamics of exclusion but may also create or recreate discriminatory practices. Building on the work of French historian Michael Löwy on heterodox Jewish thinkers, I explain the three main tenets of Fine's work: (a) his reconstruction of critical social theory; (b) the notion of cosmopolitan solidarity; and (c) the significance and main features of modern antisemitism.

Letters to the Deaf: Present-Day Relevance of History's Earliest Social Analysis of Deafness.

Harriet Martineau was a 19th-century sociologist who had a progressive form of deafness. Her 1834 essay, Letters to the Deaf, was the earliest historical document depicting the social challenges of hearing loss. Martineau details complex situations that hard-of-hearing people experienced in the 19th century such as social isolation due to frustrations with communication, physician shortcomings, limited music appreciation, and the stigma of hearing amplification devices. Her descriptions of these experiences are commonly faced by hard-of-hearing people in present-day society. Advancements in technology and recognition of the negative social impact of hearing loss have improved the social experience for the hard of hearing; however, social challenges remain relevant. In this article, we review Letters to the Deaf and note the ways in which this essay provides a dual perspective regarding how much we have advanced as a society and how much we still have to overcome in addressing the social challenges of hearing loss.

Psicologia e pobreza no Brasil: Histórico, produção de conhecimento e problematizações possíveis / Psychology and poverty in Brazil: History, knowledge production and possible questions / Psicología y pobreza en Brasil: Historia, producción de conocimiento y problematizaciones posibles

O presente artigo objetivou realizar uma análise sobre como a temática da pobreza tem historicamente comparecido nos estudos e parâmetros de atuação profissional do psicólogo brasileiro. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do objeto de estudo, o resgate de produções pertinentes sobre a relação da Psicologia brasileira com a pobreza ao longo de seu desenvolvimento, bem como de documentos e parametrizações do Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Observamos um crescimento do envolvimento da Psicologia com a pobreza e demais expressões da "questão social", atrelado com a maior vinculação da profissão com as políticas públicas e sociais. O debate entre "questão social", pobreza e Psicologia, contextualizado em diferentes fases do capitalismo, face às particularidades brasileiras e atual conjuntura, evidencia as contradições: autocrítica acerca do distanciamento com a realidade brasileira e insuficiências teórico-práticas, mas com a hegemonia na Psicologia ainda se fazendo valer por meio de leituras e práticas individualizantes, psicologizantes, perpetradoras da ordem. Dessa forma, uma Psicologia compromissada com a compreensão e superação da pobreza, assim como do sistema que a forja e nela se sustenta, requer a identificação e libertação de sua própria pobreza.(AU)

The present article aims to analyze how the issue of poverty has historically appeared in studies and parameters of the professional work of Brazilian psychologists. A bibliographic review about the object of the study was elaborated, with the retrieval of relevant works about the relationship between Brazilian Psychology and poverty throughout its development, as well as documents and parametrizations of the Federal Council of Psychology. We see an increase in the involvement of Psychology with poverty and other expressions of the "social issue", linked to the greater bondage of the profession with public and social policies. The debate between "social issue", poverty and Psychology, contextualized in different phases of capitalism, in view of the Brazilian characteristics and current situation, shows the following contradictions: self-criticism about distancing from Brazilian reality and theoretical-practical insufficiencies, but with the hegemony in Psychology still being enforced through individualizing, psychologizing readings and practices, perpetrating the order. In this way, a Psychology committed to understanding and overcoming poverty, as well as the system that forges and sustains it, requires the identification and liberation of its own poverty.(AU)

El presente artículo apuntó a realizar un análisis sobre cómo la temática de la pobreza ha formado parte históricamente en los estudios y parámetros de actuación profesional del psicólogo brasileño. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica acerca del objeto de estudio y un rescate de producciones pertinentes sobre la relación de la Psicología brasileña con la pobreza a lo largo de su desarrollo, así como de documentos del Consejo Federal de Psicología. Observamos un crecimiento de la implicación de la Psicología con la pobreza y demás expresiones de la cuestión social, vinculada con la mayor ligazón de la profesión con las políticas públicas y sociales. El debate entre "cuestión social", pobreza y Psicología, contextualizado en diferentes fases del capitalismo, frente a las particularidades brasileñas y la coyuntura actual, evidencia las siguientes contradicciones: autocrítica acerca del distanciamiento con la realidad brasileña y las insuficiencias teórico-prácticas, empero existe una hegemonía en la Psicología que todavía se hace valer por medio de lecturas y prácticas individualizantes, psicologizantes, perpetradoras del orden. Así, una Psicología comprometida con la comprensión y superación de la pobreza y con el sistema que la forja y en ella se sustenta, requiere de la identificación y liberación de su propia pobreza.(AU)

[Degeneration and improvement of the race: social higiene or eugenics? Colombia, 1920-1930]. / Degeneración y mejoramiento de la raza: ¿higiene social o eugenesia? Colombia, 1920-1930.

This article discusses the similarities between certain knowledges and practices focused on "improving the race" in Colombia from 1920-1930, showing how they can be located within a framework defined by historiography as the "Latin American eugenic movement." The term "social hygiene" appears in some Colombian medical texts during this period to describe the improvement of a fraction of the population defined as "degenerate." This study contributes to discussion of the need to rethink "racial improvement" strategies as local, heterogeneous, diverse problems.

Este artículo pretende discutir de qué manera ciertos saberes y prácticas orientados al "mejoramiento de la raza" colombiana entre 1920 y 1930 son similares o pueden localizarse en el marco de lo que ha sido definido por la historiografía como "movimiento eugenésico latinoamericano". El término de "higiene social" aparece en algunos textos médicos colombianos durante ese período para hablar del mejoramiento de una fracción de la población que se definía como "degenerada". Se trata de contribuir a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de repensar las estrategias del "mejoramiento de la raza" como problemas locales, heterogéneos y diversos.

Degeneración y mejoramiento de la raza: ¿higiene social o eugenesia? Colombia, 1920-1930 / Degeneration and improvement of the race: social higiene or eugenics? Colombia, 1920-1930

Resumen Este artículo pretende discutir de qué manera ciertos saberes y prácticas orientados al "mejoramiento de la raza" colombiana entre 1920 y 1930 son similares o pueden localizarse en el marco de lo que ha sido definido por la historiografía como "movimiento eugenésico latinoamericano". El término de "higiene social" aparece en algunos textos médicos colombianos durante ese período para hablar del mejoramiento de una fracción de la población que se definía como "degenerada". Se trata de contribuir a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de repensar las estrategias del "mejoramiento de la raza" como problemas locales, heterogéneos y diversos.

Abstract This article discusses the similarities between certain knowledges and practices focused on "improving the race" in Colombia from 1920-1930, showing how they can be located within a framework defined by historiography as the "Latin American eugenic movement." The term "social hygiene" appears in some Colombian medical texts during this period to describe the improvement of a fraction of the population defined as "degenerate." This study contributes to discussion of the need to rethink "racial improvement" strategies as local, heterogeneous, diverse problems.

When Worlds Collide: Sociology, Disciplinary Nightmares, and Fromm's Revision of Freud.

After decades of neglect, sociology is experiencing a revival of interest in psychoanalytic insights, and Erich Fromm's work is uniquely valuable for encouraging dialogue between the two fields. A recipient of a PhD in sociology as a young man in the 1920s, Fromm was a prominent psychoanalytic theorist and clinician, as well as a social researcher and public intellectual in the 1930s, up to his death in 1980. After a historical account of the relative neglect of Fromm in both disciplines, this paper examines the place of his psychoanalytic theory within sociology today as a way of discussing sociology's complicated relationship to psychoanalysis and the insights each field can offer the other.